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Effects of Pilates Breathing Versus Diaphragmatic Breathing on Oxygen Saturation and Heart-Rate Variability in Post-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Patients

Sponsor: Foundation University Islamabad • ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT07872098

Registry updated: 2026-10-13

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Description

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is a common procedure used to restore coronary blood flow in patients with coronary artery disease. Post-PCI patients may experience reduced exercise tolerance, altered breathing patterns, and autonomic imbalance, which may affect oxygen saturation and heart-rate variability (HRV). Breathing exercises are simple, non-pharmacological interventions that may support early recovery. This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effects of Pilates breathing and diaphragmatic breathing on oxygen saturation and HRV in hemodynamically stable post-PCI patients. A total of 36 participants will be randomly allocated into two groups using a sealed opaque envelope method. The Pilates breathing group and diaphragmatic breathing group will receive supervised breathing exercises for 2 consecutive days, with three sessions per day, in addition to routine care. Oxygen saturation will be assessed using a pulse oximeter, while HRV will be measured using a Polar H10 chest belt. Pre- and post-intervention measurements will be compared between the two groups.

Interventions

Pilates Breathing (Procedure)
Pilates breathing is a controlled breathing technique that involves lateral rib cage expansion during inhalation and slow, active exhalation. The intervention will be administered under physiotherapist supervision for 2 consecutive days with three sessions per day in addition to routine post-PCI care.
Diaphragmatic breathing (Procedure)
A deep breathing method that uses the diaphragm with minimal chest movement, performed in a controlled manner for a set duration. The intervention will be performed under physiotherapist supervision in addition to routine post-PCI care

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 44-75 years (\> 75 years as an "at-risk" group) (20). * Hemodynamically stable: SBP \>90 mmHg, DBP 50-100 mmHg, HR 60-100 bpm, and no ongoing chest pain or signs of acute. * Oxygen saturation SpO₂ ≥ 92% on room air * Able to follow simple verbal instructions and perform breathing exercises. * Ejection fraction \>35% Exclusion Criteria: * Ongoing myocardial ischemia, unstable angina, significant arrhythmia or requirement for inotropic/vasopressor * Cardiogenic shock or severe heart failure (NYHA IV) * Recent thoracic surgery or chest wall injury that limits rib expansion * Presence of cardiac implantable electronic device (pacemaker/ICD) with pacing dependency, or implanted ventricular assist device * Severe cognitive impairment. * Uncontrolled hypertension (SBP \> 180 mmHg or DBP \> 110 mmHg) or bradycardia \< 50. * Severe anemia (Hb \< 8) * Pregnancy.

Conditions

Oxygen Saturation Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Locations

Foundation University Islamabad — Rawalpindi, Pakistan

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Official Source

Data sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov, a service of the U.S. National Institutes of Health.

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